Complex Sentence Structures
Master the art of combining clauses to create sophisticated writing
What is a Complex Sentence?
A complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. These clauses are joined together using subordinating conjunctions or relative pronouns, creating a relationship where one idea depends on the other for complete meaning.
- Independent Clause: A complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence
- Dependent Clause: Cannot stand alone; depends on the independent clause for meaning
“Although it was raining, we decided to go for a walk.”
• Dependent clause: “Although it was raining”
• Independent clause: “we decided to go for a walk”
Types of Dependent Clauses
1. Adverbial Clauses
These clauses function as adverbs, modifying verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They often answer questions like when, where, why, how, or under what conditions.
after, although, as, because, before, if, since, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, while
Examples:
• “I’ll call you when I arrive.” (time)
• “She studied hard because she wanted to succeed.” (reason)
• “We’ll go hiking if the weather improves.” (condition)
2. Adjective Clauses (Relative Clauses)
These clauses describe or modify nouns or pronouns. They typically begin with relative pronouns like who, whom, whose, which, or that.
• “The book that you lent me was fascinating.”
• “My neighbor, who is a doctor, gave me some advice.”
• “This is the house where I grew up.”
3. Noun Clauses
These clauses function as nouns within a sentence, serving as subjects, objects, or complements. They often begin with words like that, what, whatever, who, whom, whoever, or whether.
• “What she said surprised everyone.” (subject)
• “I don’t know where he went.” (object)
• “The problem is that we don’t have enough time.” (complement)
Punctuation in Complex Sentences
- Dependent clause first: Use a comma after the dependent clause
Example: “When the bell rings, class will begin.” - Independent clause first: Usually no comma is needed
Example: “Class will begin when the bell rings.” - Non-restrictive clauses: Use commas to set off additional information
Example: “My sister, who lives in Boston, is visiting next week.”
Why Use Complex Sentences?
Complex sentences add sophistication and nuance to your writing. They allow you to:
- Show relationships between ideas (cause and effect, contrast, condition)
- Emphasize certain information over other information
- Create more varied and interesting sentence rhythms
- Combine related ideas efficiently
- Make your writing more professional and mature
Test Your Understanding
Complete the quiz below to check your mastery of complex sentences.
